Sociology of Work Questions Could use some help.

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According to Hochschild, emotions

	a.	get in the way of meaningful relationships.
	b.	must be avoided in the modern workplace.
	c.	are complex signals of feelings that must be interpreted.
	d.	are automatic biological responses to certain stimuli.

2. According to Hochschild, flight attendants lost their connection to their real feelings and emotions because of their job demands.

True

False

3. According to Hochschild, the flight attendant did not experience as much alienation as did the wallpaper boy that Marx studied.

True

False

Question 4

According to Hochschild’s definition, which of the following jobs would involve emotional labor?

	a.	small shop entrepreneurs smiling at customers to encourage repeat sales.
	b.	servers at a popular restaurant chain governed by bureaucratic rules and regulations.
	c.	a mother with a newborn child.
	d.	a bride who doesn’t feel as happy as she thinks she should on her wedding day.

Question 5

According to Hochschild, flight attendants were to treat customers as if they were guests in their living rooms. What was a drawback to this policy?

	a.	Flight attendants engaged in surface acting while doing this and customers thought they were “fakes”.
	b.	The airline pilots discouraged the flight attendants from enacting the policy. They preferred the flight attendants to focus on safety and efficiency.
	c.	Customers might refuse to pay for drinks on the plane.
	d.	Flight attendants could not expect reciprocity for their efforts. Customers were not required to react appropriately in response.

Question 6

According to Hochschild, the surrogates living in the Indian clinic

	a.	relied upon their families to help them manage the birthing process.
	b.	bonded emotionally with the clients receiving the babies developing in their wombs.
	c.	detached themselves from their wombs, the child, and the clients.
	d.	personally defined themselves as weak and immoral.

Question 7

According to Hochschild, the commodification (marketization) of intimate human interaction violates the expectation that people should be deeply involved in the care of others and personally attached to those for whom they care.

True

False

Question 8

According to Hochschild, which of the following activities are becoming commodified?

	a.	giving birth.
	b.	the structuring of children’s group activities.
	c.	the search for a mate.
	d.	all of the above.

Question 9

According to Vicki Smith, a large majority of American workers (over 50 percent) still have one permanent job with a five-day, 40-hour work week.

True

False

Question 10

According to Smith, how has the “blurring of work and home life” affected children?

	a.	Children’s lives have become stressed, hurried, and over-scheduled.
	b.	Children’s health and emotional well-being have improved.
	c.	Children develop stronger bonds with their parents.
	d.	Children learn more about the work world.

Question 11

According to Arabandi, which strategy would most likely involve worker participation, quality circles, and incentives for participation?

	a.	neo-Fordism.
	b.	functional flexibility.
	c.	numerical flexibility.
	d.	neo-Taylorism.

Question 12

According to Crowley et al., why did the Fordist principles of work organization break down in the latter decades of the twentieth century?

	a.	Fordist principles produced less productivity and less cost-efficiency than did craft-based organization.
	b.	Unions lost power in the late twentieth century.
	c.	Demand for standardized goods broke down as markets became more specialized and fragmented.
	d.	Business regulations decreased in the late twentieth century.

Question 13

According to Arabandi, professional workers in the work culture of the global economy are “reinventing themselves” by

	a.	working harder, taking on more responsibility, and individualizing their failures.
	b.	bonding in real time relationships with their fellow workers.
	c.	achieving a better balance between their home and work lives.
	d.	all of the answers to the question.

Question 14

According to Crowley et al., the Fordist model of work design neglected which scientific management (Taylorist) principle?

	a.	a highly specialized division of labor.
	b.	the scientific selection of workers.
	c.	the separation of planning from the execution of the work process.
	d.	the use of engineers to establish work routines.

According to Arabandi, numerical flexibility is a strategy that generates flexibility by increasing the skills of all workers employed by the firm and by empowering these workers to make workplace decisions in a team environment.

True

False

Question 16

Arabandi links the new culture emerging among professional workers in the new economy to

	a.	increasing solidarity and community among workers in a given occupation.
	b.	increasing inequality among workers in a given occupation.
	c.	family conflict and marital discord.
	d.	increasing conflict between managers and professional workers.

Question 17

According to Arabandi, a new work environment is emerging in the global economy for workers in the information technology field. This work environment involves

	a.	non-standardized work hours, but long 10-12 hour work days.
	b.	virtual teams and multi-site team collaboration on single projects.
	c.	less bureaucratic control and more worker self-management.
	d.	all of the answers to the question.

Question 18

Crowley et al.’s data suggest that the contemporary restructured workplace for professional and managerial workers involves

	a.	a more intense work pace with greater levels of “burnout.”
	b.	more opportunities to advance along a career ladder.
	c.	increased commitments to employers’ goals.
	d.	a more structured and orderly workplace.

Question 19

According to Crowley et al., increasing flexibility in work systems is key to making profits in the contemporary economy.

True

False

Question 20

According to Kang, body labor is work that

	a.	involves attending to the customers’ appearance by manipulating the body.
	b.	produces a rewarding physical and emotional experience for the customer.
	c.	involves managing feeling and producing a feeling state in the customer.
	d.	all of the answers to the question.

Question 21

Why did the body artists’ resist the establishment of rigorous rules, regulations, and standards we find in other workplaces, according to Maroto?

	a.	body artists lacked the training and skill to produce up to such high standards.
	b.	body artists feared that such mechanisms might destroy the uniqueness and quality of the art they produced.
	c.	body artists preferred the standards promoted by their own associations.
	d.	body artists did not associate their body work with their primary work identities.

Question 22

According to Maroto’s study of body artists, body art—tatooing, piercing, etc.—is still considered a deviant occupation in the 21st century serving mainly non-mainstream populations, such as sailors, bikers, gang members and such.

True

False

Question 23

According to Kang’s study, which group of customers most wanted pampering, massaging, and a positive physical sensation from their nail salon experience?

	a.	upper class, uptown women.
	b.	single women.
	c.	working women.
	d.	male business executives

Question 24

According to Maroto’s study of body artists, how does one enter the occupation?

	a.	by passing a state administered examination.
	b.	through informal apprenticeships with established artists.
	c.	through trade schools.
	d.	by earning credentials from the Body Artist Association.

Question 25

According to MacDonald, the nannies were committed to a work ethic referred to as “intensive mothing.” Which of the following is NOT intensive mothering?

	a.	reliance upon expert opinion as an aid to raising children.
	b.	molding the character of the child in the nanny’s care.
	c.	using a sensibility gained from hands-on experience in mothering.
	d.	a rejection of institutional care as a legitimate option for child-rearing.

Question 26

According to Desmond, what does “making luck” mean in the firefighter’s culture?

	a.	to follow the rules, avoid risks, and minimize danger when fighting fires.
	b.	to shirk the dangerous jobs and allow the supervisors to do them.
	c.	to be aggressive and to take bold risks in the face of danger.
	d.	to engage in heavy drinking and partying after success in working a dangerous fire.

Question 27

Kang found _____ in ALL of the Korean-owned nail salons she studied:

	a.	a gendered performance of body labor.
	b.	no class or race differences in customer expectations.
	c.	differences between the services provided by male and female manicurists.
	d.	all of the answers to the question.

Question 28

According to MacDonald, ninety-five percent of the nannies employed in American cities are female immigrants from poor Latin American countries.

True

False

Question 29

McDonald found that employers often wished to reward their nannies with expensive gifts. How did many of the nannies respond to this practice?

	a.	They preferred wages to gifts.
	b.	They felt that their contributions were undervalued by the gesture.
	c.	Some were embittered and saw the practice in terms of class differences.
	d.	all of the above.

Question 29

McDonald found that employers often wished to reward their nannies with expensive gifts. How did many of the nannies respond to this practice?

	a.	They preferred wages to gifts.
	b.	They felt that their contributions were undervalued by the gesture.
	c.	Some were embittered and saw the practice in terms of class differences.
	d.	all of the above.

30. According to Desmond, a masculine ethos that stresses risk-taking, aggressiveness in the face of danger, and toughness motivates the forest firefighters’ to do their jobs.

True

False

31.According to Maroto, body artists’ community is best described as

	a.	an art world.
	b.	professional.
	c.	a hobbyist association.
	d.	a bureaucracy.

32. According to MacDonald, which factor was most important in determining the economic benefits earned by nannies?

	a.	gender
	b.	ethnicity and race
	c.	education level
	d.	immigration status

Question 33

According to Desmond, how did the forest firefighters typically explain deaths on the job?

	a.	Deaths were an inevitable risk to which all firefighters are exposed.
	b.	Deaths were preventable and caused by individuals not following the rules.
	c.	Deaths were caused by bad supervisors.
	d.	Deaths were a sign of honor.

Sociology of Work Questions Could use some help.

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